• What affect does the pattern of cellulose microfibrils have on the function in cell walls?

• Do cells with primary cell walls have living or dead protoplasts?

• Describe how a primary cell wall is formed.

A

Stained sclereids against a background of parenechyma cells.

B

Unstained sclereid

C

Phloroglucinol stained cells

• What is the function of sclereids?

• Why do sclereids stain red with phloroglucinol?

• What phenolic polymer in plant tissue is stained by phloroglucinol?

• Are the cell walls stained red in image C primary or secondary cell walls?

• In what tissues are sclereids found?

• What is the function of lignin in secondary cell walls?

• Describe two differences between primary and secondary cell walls.

• What structure is indicated by the arrow?

• What advantage is there in having conduits between cytoplasms of adjacent cells?

• What is the function of plasmodesmata?

• What is the function of the middle lamella?

Red Onion (Allium)

Elodea

• What is a vacuole?

• What functions do vacuoles serve?

• In the images above, locate the vacuole, cytoplasm, nucleus, and chloroplasts.

• What is the function of a plastid?

• In what cellular organelles is pigment in plant tissues often located?

• What is the relationship between chloroplasts and plastids?

• Can non-photosynthetic cells contain plastids?

• What material is stored in leucoplasts? What is its function?

• How are leucoplasts and plastids different? How are they the same?

low magnification

low magnification

• Where is the region of the apical meristem in the root? the shoot?

• What is the function of meristematic tissue?

• What is fundamentally important about meristematic tissues?

• What are the 3 types of primary meristems?

• Where do you find each type of meristematic tissue?

• What is meant by differentiation?

• Where in a plant do you find dermal tissue?

• What is the function of dermal tissue?

• What is the epidermis?

• How does the shape of the epidermal cells reflect function?

• At maturity are epidermal cells living or dead?

• Can you locate the nucleus one of the epidermal cells above?

• Describe where you would find the vacuole.

• Name 3 types of epidermal cells.

• What type of cells do you find in the epidermas?

• Typically, how many cell layers will you find in the epidermas?

• In the image above, why are some cells red and others not?

• What is the typical shape of epidermal cells?

• Can you locate a guard cell?

• What 2 types of cells are visible in this image?

• What are the narrow, elongated cells called?

• What is the region surrounded by the 2 narrow, elongated cells called?

• What are the green structures in the guard cells?

• What is the function of guard cells?

• What gases move in and out of the stomata?

• What would happen to a plant if there were not guard cells?

• What causes guard cells to change shape?

• Would you expect a desert plant to have many or few guard cells? What about a rainforest plant?

• What is the name of the structures that give a hairy appearance to the leaf surface of these plants?

• What functions do the trichomes on these leaf surfaces perform?

• In what plant tissues will you find trichomes?

• What are trichomes?

• Disregarding shape, what other functions do trichomes serve?

• How does the shape of trichomes reflect its function?

• What are root hairs?

• What function do root hairs serve?

• Why aren't root hairs covered in a waxy cuticle?

• What are the 3 tissue types in the ground tissue system?

• What are the 3 main functions of ground tissue?

• If you were to draw a section of ground tissue what cells would you include and what would they look like?

Sunflower stem (Helianthus) c.s .

Parenchyma cells

fresh sunflower stem showing parenchyma cells in l.s.

whole section of parenchyma cells

• What cells do you find in parenchyma tissue?

• Describe the shape and characteristics of parenchyma cells.

• What function do the air spaces between parenchyma cells perform?

• What function do parenchyma cells perform?

• Name three functions of parenchyma cells.

• Parenchyma cells do not stain with pholoroglucinol. What does this tell you about the cell walls?

• Where might you find parenchyma cells in a plant?

• At maturity, are parenchyma cells alive or dead?

• Why would we want to eat parenchyma cells in a pear?

• What support tissue is visible at the edge of the petiole?

• What is the function of collenchyma tissue type?

• Where do you usually find collenchyma?

• Describe the shape of collenchyma cells.

• What type of cells do you find in collenchyma tissue?

• Are collenchyma cells living or dead at maturity?

• Where would you be likely to find collenchyma cells that are lignified?

• If water was prevented from entering collenchyma cells, what would happen to the plant?

• Through what mechanism might collenchyma provide support to the plant?

• Why do you suppose these cells are so much longer than they are wide?

• Where would you find fibers, in collenchyma, parenchyma, or sclerenchyma tissue?

• What is the function of fiber cells?

• Are fibers living cells or simply dead cell walls that have lost their cytoplasm(protoplast)?

• Describe the cell walls of sclerenchyma cells.

• What function does sclerenchyma tissue serve?

• Name two types of sclerenchyma cells.

• In what commercial products would you find primarily sclerenchyma fibers?

• Are sclerenchyma living or non-living at maturity?

• Where would you find sclereids? In collenchyma, parenchyma, or sclerenchyma tissue?

• How are collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells different? How are they the same?

• Would you likely find lignin in the cells walls of sclerenchyma tissue?

• What 3 cell types are found in ground tissue?

• What types of cells do you find in a vascular bundle?

• What is the function of vascular tissue?

• In what tissue system do you find tracheids and vessel elements?

• What are the two types of cells found in xylem tissues?

• How are vessels and tracheids the same? How are they different?

• Describe the shape of tracheids. How does this shape affect its function?

• Describe the shape of vessels.How does this shape affect their function?

• Are vessels living or dead at maturity?

• Are tracheids living or dead at maturity?

• How are fibers in ground tissue different from and similar to tracheids in vascular tissue?

• What cells do you find only in phloem?

• What function does a sieve tube element perform?

• Where would you find companion cells?

• What purpose do companion cells serve?

• Describe the purpose of a sieve plate?

• What does a sieve plate look like?

• Are sieve tube elements living or dead cells at maturity?

• If the probiscus of an insect injures a plant cell how does the plant respond?